The Parisian club has now secured the prestigious trophy on fourteen different times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France winners after the French winger opened the scoring early on.
Yet, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to take a surprise lead. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for PSG to seal a convincing shootout victory.
Now 14-time winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 seasons.